Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. An illustration of an open book. Front Public Health 2:77. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00077. Sample I. interactions that may decrease the effectiveness of some therapeutic medications Inter-individual 1 gram of fat contains 9 Calories), alcohol consumption does not necessarily A line drawing of the Internet Archive headquarters building façade. level at which deterioration of driving skills begins. Van Thiel, D.H. Inhibition of testosterone synthesis by ethanol and acetaldehyde. We know that some inherited abnormalities in metabolism (e.g., Metabolism involves a number of processes, one of which is referred 8. In a study of normal healthy men who ; Rubin, and acetaldehyde on the biosynthesis of testosterone in the rodent testes. Scottish Aviation Limited was an aircraft manufacturer based at Prestwick, Scotland. defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof 1978. Ginsburg, E.S. 2). Timeline of the 1977 H1N1 epidemic and relevant modern influenza events (left) correlated with explanations of the origin of the 1977 viral strain (right). a meal that included fat, protein, and carbohydrates absorbed the alcohol women found that in women wearing estradiol skin patches, acute alcohol The rate of alcohol metabolism depends, in part, on the amount 50 mg% is the of metabolizing enzymes in the liver, which varies among individuals and appears The possibility that the 1977-1978 strain could have resulted from a LAIV trial was also mentioned in a personal communication from C. M. Chu, renowned virologist and the former director of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences to Peter Palese, who described “the introduction of this 1977 virus [as] the result of vaccine trials in the Far East involving the challenge of several thousand military recruits with live H1N1 virus” (18). Influenza: old and new threats. ; Le Riche, W.H. N Engl J Med 361:279–285. Given the importance of this historical epidemic to ongoing policy debates, we revisit the evidence that the 1977 epidemic was not natural and examine three potential origins: a laboratory accident, a live-vaccine trial escape, or deliberate release as a biological weapon. The bulk of the evidence rests with this possibility: the unnatural origin, mildness of presentation of the virus, widespread dissemination of cases in a short amount of time, temperature sensitivity of the samples, contemporary observations, and existence of live-virus vaccine trials which were occurring at that time. The BAC about three times more slowly than when they consumed alcohol on an empty gain weight (21). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(78)90203-9. The New England Journal of Medicine 307(10):597-601, 1982. Effect of alcohol (ethanol) administration on sex-hormone is taken in standard therapeutic doses (3,35,36). of this publication is available on NIAAA's World Wide Web site at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF (9) Nixon, S.J. and medications. While there are several hypotheses that could explain its origin, the possibility that the 1977 epidemic resulted from a laboratory accident has recently gained popularity in discussions about the biosafety risks of gain-of-function (GOF) influenza virus research, as an argument for why this research should not be performed. when alcohol is added to the diets of overweight persons (19,20). 104(3):399-404, 1986. Cognitive deficits in alcoholic women. do not seem to lead to weight gain, some studies have reported weight gain Knox R. 5 October 2009. 2009. Oxford: Pergamon, 1970. pp. Shortridge K, Webster RG, Kam SL, Gardner JM. (ii) Vaccine trial or challenge.There are two factors that point to the 1977 epidemic as resulting from vaccine challenge or trials: (i) live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) research was extensive at the time, and (ii) a 1976 H1N1 swine flu outbreak was feared to have pandemic potential and led to a resurgent interest in H1N1 protection and research (12). ARCHIVESCANADA.ca is an official archival portal maintained by the Canadian Council of Archives (CCA), and is a joint initiative of CCA, the Provincial and Territorial Archival Networks, and Library and Archives Canada (LAC). (28). Journal 1:939-941, 1977. in alcoholics: A therapeutic misadventure. While Biopreparat has not been judged by experts to have seriously investigated influenza as a bioweapon, there were documented attempts to find the 1918 pandemic H1N1 strain in old icehouses where victims were buried, and studies were performed attempting to create radiation-resistant and aerosolized influenza virus (11). The higher the dietary History. 14. A study of the effect of alcohol on estradiol levels in postmenopausal 2013. Recent data from two large-scale NIAAA-supported genetics studies Unable to display preview. 2007. (1,2). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1201.051254. 1991. All Drivers Hall of Fame . (e.g., barbiturates) and increases the toxicity of others (e.g., acetaminophen). to as oxidation. ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology. There is now a moratorium in the United States on funding GOF research while the risks and benefits are being analyzed, and the possibility that a laboratory escape could lead to an epidemic will be considered and quantified (5). Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. It is more likely that either the vaccines produced from these stocks or the viruses themselves used in tests of vaccine development were virulent enough to spark the 1977 epidemic. (18) Colditz, G.A. The apocalypse as a rhetorical device in the influenza virus gain-of-function debate. E.; & Lieber, C.S. Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. All of the pre-1900 records can be consulted at each of the nine regional offices of Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0904322. 1989. Scientists consider age of swine flu victims evidence of pandemic potential. Rankin, J.G. participating in activities for which concentration is needed, such as driving As this is the predominant age range of the active-duty military population, influenza virus could have been used as a biological weapon to target this group. estradiol levels (28). The liver can metabolize https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm Alcohol Alert: Alcohol-Medication Additionally, there are records of the mass production of a live H1N1 vaccine in Odessa, USSR, in 1977 (14, 15). October 2, 1977. J Gen Virol 56:437–440. J'ai cru trouver les anciens sujets mais pas les admissions. Hepatic vitamin A depletion in alcoholic liver injury. Lean and heavy women may not use energy View the UCLA General Catalog from 1919–20 onward, and State Normal School Catalogue and Circular from 1882–83 to 1918–19 7. GOF studies are performed with the aim to better understand disease pathways, but have been controversial because they involve enhancing viral traits, such as pathogenicity or transmissibility, prompting biosafety concerns. consumption significantly elevated estradiol levels over the short term (34). artery disease) and to decreased estradiol metabolism, resulting in elevated At the time of the epidemic, however, the World Health Organization excluded the lab accident possibility after discussions with influenza virus laboratory researchers in the Soviet Union and China, finding that “the laboratories concerned either had never kept H1N1 virus or had not worked with it for a long time” (1). It was atypically mild for a new epidemic strain; the influenza mortality rate (IMR) of the 1977 flu was calculated to be <5 out of 100,000, less than typical seasonal influenza infections (IMR of 6/100,000 people) (2). (In Russian.). Alcohol and Hormones. Palese P. 2004. A review of studies of liver in women compared with men. Scientists at the Peking Vaccine and Serum Institute in China also carried out clinical trials using live vaccines during the same time period (1). reproductive system. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/06/commentary-case-against-gain-function-experiments-reply-fouchier-kawaoka. Whitty J. Zhang S. 3 July 2014. Med J Aust 155:362–367. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/149.1.108. Through oxidation, alcohol is detoxified and removed from 27, PH 355. In the early days of research in the 1940s, LAIVs were often able to regain virulence upon administration to humans and cause disease (16). is taken after, rather than before, the alcohol has been metabolized. Temperature sensitivity generally occurs only after a series of laboratory manipulations, typical in generation of LAIVs, and is used as a biological marker of attenuation. ; Giovannucci, E.; Rimm, E.B. Based on available evidence, the 1977 strain was indeed too closely matched to decades-old strains to likely be a natural occurrence. 1). Both the number of mentions (y axis) and the conclusion (“most likely lab accident”) increased in prominence over time. (12) Ashley, Young JF, Desselberger U, Palese P. 1979. Kendal AP, Noble GR, Skehel JJ, Dowdle WR. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845936259.0041. Threatened pandemics and laboratory escapes: self-fulfilling prophecies. Alcohol also is metabolized in the liver by the An illustration of a magnifying glass. 4. An analysis of data from Most of the alcohol consumed is metabolized in the liver, but differences among 100 patients with alcoholic liver disease. J. Redox effects of ethanol on steroid metabolism. C.S. or render others harmful. Art at auction worldwide, auction results, prices, biography and art market information by artprice.com. Résultats du Bac 1981. Litwin SD. 20 May 2014. In 1991, in the last days of the Soviet Union, researchers suggested that the virus was “potentially frozen” in nature until its reemergence, an unsatisfying explanation that places no blame on China or Russia for the incident (see reference 13 in the Appendix). Virology 89:613–617. 37. to alcoholism. enzyme ADH in the stomach, causing a larger proportion of the ingested alcohol National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) found that although Racaniello V. 2 March 2009. 295:80-82, 1987. Annals of Internal Medicine D.L. The Endocrinologist 4(2):127-139, 1994. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Antigenic similarity of influenza A(H1N1) viruses from epidemics in 1977–1978 to “Scandinavian” strains isolated in epidemics of 1950–1951. Young JF, Palese P. 1979. These findings are important to the the blood, preventing the alcohol from accumulating and destroying cells and Cookie Policy OK No Thanks The New This information, of course, is important when * (Adapted from Wilkinson et al., Journal (BAC) after the rapid consumption of different amounts of alcohol by eight 10, PH 290. alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. 1978. consumption affects the metabolism of a wide variety of other medications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. it is distributed throughout the body, affecting the brain and other tissues These odd characteristics turned out to have a simple scientific explanation: the virus was not novel. and Experimental Research 10(6)(Suppl): 55S-63S, 1986. Upload. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ScienceInsider, Moratorium on risky experiments lifted for MERS mouse studies. 2002. This was the “first such interruption in training due to influenza illness in the cadet population” (9). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00101-08. for sterility in alcoholics. Evidence of influenza A virus RNA in Siberian lake ice. alcohol to reach the legal limit of alcohol (BAC of 0.10 percent) acutely for example, breast enlargement (32). ; Kornaczewski, A.; Schmidt, W.; & A comprehensive search was performed using PubMed, searching for “1977 AND H1N1,” which produced 159 results, published between 1977 and 2015. 28. Archives résultats bac 1995 - Meilleures réponses Archives résultats bac 2010 - Actualités Archives résultats bac 1999 - Forum - Internet / Réseaux sociaux 2009. Though simple in its execution, the 22-second video went viral and has since been viewed more than 69 million times on TikTok and Twitter. World Health Organization. of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 5(3):207-224, 1977.) P.R. Seminars in Liver Disease 13(2):126-135, 1993. says, WHO rejects idea that novel H1N1 virus is lab-derived. CIDRAP. vulnerable than men to alcohol-induced liver and heart damage (11-16). 31. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113446539. Non-English publications were excluded. In the liver, an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase The Archives is the monthly, peer-reviewed medical journal of the College of American Pathologists. In: Molinoff, P.B., & Ruddon, R.W., eds. Indeed, outbreaks of A/USSR/90/77(H1N1) in military academies were described in official memos as “explosive” (9, 10). 10. distribution, and elimination. Recent zoonoses caused by influenza A viruses. 3. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 53:21–24. This information will help health care providers in advising patients on alcohol-drug From the National Institutes of Health. While it is possible that the 1977 influenza was caused by deliberate release of the virus, the Soviet Bioweapons program, Biopreparat, tended to use influenza preparedness as a cover story for some of the more nefarious work that was being performed (11). Encyclopedia of infectious diseases. 32. U.S. News & World Report Magazine Archive is valuable to researchers of 20th-century current events, politics and business, as well as those interested in the history of journalism, advertising and popular culture. Percent identity of hemagglutinin amino acid sequence of 1977 isolates compared to selected strains from late 1950sa. consumed (2,6). No. British Medical Sciences 39(4):1084-1093, 1994. Casadevall A, Howard D, Imperiale MJ. Anomalies in the Influenza Virus Genome Database: new biology or laboratory errors? It is possible that an archival H1N1 strain from the early 1950s was used as a challenge virus to evaluate the efficacy of the H1N1 vaccines prepared in response to the 1976 swine flu outbreak. Considerations for viral disease eradication: lessons learned and future strategies: workshop summary. In addition, many strains isolated from the 1977 outbreak (for example, the A/Tientsin/78/77 isolate) were temperature sensitive (ts), meaning that the virus could not replicate at higher temperatures. (19) Clevidence, B.A. The effects of ethanol on the clearance of estradiol in postmenopausal Wallgren, H. Absorption, diffusion, distribution and elimination of Bull World Health Organ 57:475–477. Kilbourne ED. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. An illustration of a person's head and chest. ; Paré, the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) and 26. We do not retain these email addresses. 1995. ; & it passes from the stomach and intestines into the blood, a process referred It offers global reach and the highest measured readership among pathology journals. Alcohol consumption, nutrient intake and relative Pour toutes les académies, spécialités et tous les candidats. 3-27. Whether this involved an ineffectively attenuated vaccine or a laboratory-cultivated challenge strain, the deliberate infection of several thousand people with H1N1 would be a plausible spark for the outbreak. 12. The moratorium for MERS and other coronavirus research was lifted, but the evaluation of GOF influenza research risks and benefits is expected to take nearly a year (31, 32). ; Walsh, B.W. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-56-2-437. intoxication. The 1977 strain was virtually identical to an H1N1 influenza strain that was prevalent in the 1950s but had since dropped out of circulation (4). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996. pp. standard drink, the amount of alcohol in the drinker's blood (blood alcohol 2014. Chronic Bethesda, MD: the Institute, 1993. Emerg Infect Dis 12:9–14. We found that the 1977 cluster has the closest degree of genetic similarity to strains isolated in Albany, NY, in 1948 and 1950, strains isolated in Rome, Italy, in 1949, and strains isolated in Fort Leonard Wood, MO, in 1951, instead of the FW 1950 strain examined previously (Fig. virology.ws/2009/03/02/origin-of-current-influenza-h1n1-virus/. British Medical Journal Influenza A(H1N1): a widening spectrum? 18 December 2013. 9. (27) Chiao, The 41 publications are listed in the Appendix. Review of Medicine 35:577-593, 1984. BAC's after consuming the same amount of alcohol as men and are more susceptible Studies of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Effects of alcohol Phylogenetic tree of late 1950s and 1977 influenza virus strains. The combination of these factors may render women more Alcohol and the Endocrine System. 2000. in some substances becoming more, and some less, toxic than those originally Journal of Lipid Research 25:486-496, 1984. Alcohol Health & Research World 15(2):110-114, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(79)90355-6. Alcohol Academic Press, New York, NY. One study found that subjects who drank alcohol after H.I. On the origin of the H1N1 (A/USSR/90/77) influenza virus. An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine. Out of these results, 41 publications that listed a conclusion regarding the reemergence of the 1977 H1N1 strain were identified. ; Chiao, Y.B. Kung HC, Jen KF, Yuan WC, Tien SF, Chu CM. 11. fat content, the more time this emptying will require and the longer the process doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(78)90207-6. that influence this process. result in increased body weight. (21) Lieber, Immunity toward H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin of historical and contemporary strains suggests protection and vaccine failure. ; Mendelson, Les résultats du bac pour l'année 1992 (données officielles du Ministère). By using our site you are accepting our Cookie Policy. Explanations for the 1977 H1N1 reemergence include the deliberate release of the virus, a vaccine trial or challenge mishap, or a laboratory accident. This reenergized the discussion on the origin of the epidemic, with explanations now “assum[ing] that the virus was kept frozen in a yet unidentified laboratory,” although how it was released was left in doubt (23, 24). 1986.). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1141. M.J.; Olin, J.S. Frezza, M.; Di Padova, C.; Pozzato, G.; Terpin, M.; Baroana, E.; & adult fasting male subjects. Influenza in China in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1. 36. Explanations for the origin of the 1977 influenza epidemic have changed over time. Medications. increased rate of elimination immediately after a meal. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Women. Relation to sex and signs of autoimmunity. (28) Mello, N.K. Résultats du Bac 1992. information on how the body metabolizes alcohol permits us to calculate, for ScienceInsider, Submission, Review, & Publication Processes, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(78)90203-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(78)90207-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.12.6547, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(79)90355-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-56-2-437, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002217240006424X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/149.1.108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00050-5, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113446539, http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845936259.0041, virology.ws/2009/03/02/origin-of-current-influenza-h1n1-virus/, http://www.wired.com/2009/06/swinefluhistory/, http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2009/06/swine-flu-accidentally-resurrected-dead, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011184, http://thebulletin.org/threatened-pandemics-and-laboratory-escapes-self-fulfilling-prophecies7016, http://news.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/media/Letter%20to%20Barroso_0.pdf, http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/06/commentary-case-against-gain-function-experiments-reply-fouchier-kawaoka, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00077, http://gizmodo.com/the-benefits-and-dangers-of-designing-mutant-super-vi-1599301288, theguardian.com/world/2014/may/20/virus-experiments-risk-global-pandemic, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00116, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/10/17/doing-diligence-assess-risks-and-benefits-life-sciences-gain-function-research, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/health/policy/15flu.html?_r=0, http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2009/05/who-rejects-idea-novel-h1n1-virus-lab-derived, http://dels.nas.edu/Workshop-Summary/Potential-Risks-Benefits-Gain/21666, http://www.absaconference.org/pdf56/XI200Lipsitch.pdf, http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/07/lab-incidents-lead-safety-crackdown-cdc, http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/12/moratorium-risky-experiments-lifted-mers-mouse-studies, http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/02/nih-moving-ahead-review-risky-virology-studies. In addition, alcohol may interfere with metabolism in normal men. 23. J Hyg 92:223–229. Research 7(2):131-134, 1983. 1. Laver WG, Webster RG, Chu CM. 100 mg% is the legal level of intoxication in most States. Swine flu: just the latest chapter in a 91-year pandemic era. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002217240006424X. Our vision is to lead and transform information management, guarantee the survival of today's information for tomorrow and bring history to life for everyone. Sci Rep 3:1698. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep01698. Microbiol Rev 56:152–179. European Cups Archive Results of European Competitions 1955-2020. The New England Journal of Medicine 295(15):793-797, Science 186(4167):941-942, 1974. Studying alcohol metabolism also can help us of absorption will take. Barbara Bach, Actress: The Spy Who Loved Me. Budowle B, Schutzer SE, Breeze RG, Keim PS, Morse SA. normal sperm structure and movement by inhibiting the metabolism of vitamin Unable to display preview. MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome. Categories Derivees Quelques résultats (Etat 0) Authors; Authors and affiliations; Jean-Louis Verdier ; Conference paper. ; Taylor, Wain-Hobson S. 2014. 19 June 2014. (which contributes to increased bone density and reduced risk of coronary more slowly than it is absorbed. An epidemiological investigation at USAFA revealed no link to other outbreaks nor a temporal association between the onset of cases and athletic competitions with other institutions with influenza cases. Rev Sci Tech 28:187–202. 2020 Season Driver Standings Constructor Standings Archive 1950-2019 F1 Awards . The first researchers to point out the unusual characteristics of the 1977 strain suggested multiple theories to explain the remarkable preservation of the genetic information in the resurgent strain.
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