For example, while beryllium in Group 2 is colored as an alkaline earth metal, it is amphoteric rather than alkaline in nature. Columns (groups) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns (e.g. [69], Electron affinity generally increases across a period. The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. By the 1930s Deming's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopedias of chemistry. [96] In 1857, German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it. The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them. The first noble gas compound, of approximate composition XePtF6, was not prepared until 1962; compounds of He and Ne are as yet unknown. 3) Beschreibe den Bau eines Natriumatoms. [134] In 2010, a joint Russia–US collaboration at Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia, claimed to have synthesized six atoms of tennessine (element 117), making it the most recently claimed discovery. [28], Chemical and physical arguments have been made in support of lutetium and lawrencium[178][179] but the majority of authors seem unconvinced. There is a large disparity of properties within each category with notable overlaps at the boundaries, as is the case with most classification schemes. In addition, groups 8, 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple-sized group, known collectively in both notations as group VIII. [100], In 1864, Julius Lothar Meyer, a German chemist, published a table with 28 elements. Metalloids form weakly acidic or amphoteric oxides. This gives them some special properties,[93] that has been referred to as kainosymmetry (from Greek καινός "new"). The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 (or 3B to 2B in American group numbering) and contains all of the transition metals. [n 13] Early techniques for chemically separating scandium, yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so-called "yttrium group" whereas La and Ac occurred together in the "cerium group". The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today's naming convention (e.g. [201] By this definition all of the elements in groups 3–11 are transition metals. : Nitrogenium, veraltet frz: Azote (Az), Sauerstoff, engl. They are abundant but widely dispersed; commercially viable concentrations are thus rare. [109], In 1867, Gustavus Hinrichs, a Danish born academic chemist based in America, published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights, and chemical similarities. – US-Vorschlag 1954 –, veraltet: Eka-Tantal, Amerizium, Americium, veraltet: Eka-Europium, Kalifornium, engl. Furthermore, the 2p elements prefer to participate in multiple bonding (observed in O=O and N≡N) to eliminate Pauli repulsion from the otherwise close s and p lone pairs: their π bonds are stronger and their single bonds weaker. [64] An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus. Some authors, such as Henry Bent (the eponym of Bent's rule), Wojciech Grochala, and Felice Grandinetti, have argued that helium would be correctly placed in group 2, over beryllium; Charles Janet's left-step table also contains this assignment. [84], Although all elements up to oganesson have been discovered, of the elements above hassium (element 108), only copernicium (element 112), nihonium (element 113), and flerovium (element 114) have known chemical properties, and conclusive categorisation at present has not been reached. Nonmetals may be simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals, being nearer to the metalloids and show some incipient metallic character; the essentially nonmetallic diatomic nonmetals, nonmetallic and the almost completely inert, monatomic noble gases. [42] Consequently, elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number. 178 Lösung. A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911, and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row, was that elements of atomic weight greater than circa 256 (which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern-day terms) did not exist. Tabelle: Alle 118 Chemische Elemente des Periodensystems + Ordnungszahlen, Symbole, … [73][74], With some minor exceptions, oxidation numbers among the elements show four main trends according to their periodic table geographic location: left; middle; right; and south. In this instance the alkali metals are so named as they represent the most alkaline of the alkalic metals. Generally, nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals. [177] A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides. [84] In fact, the metals all the way up to group 6 are united by being class-A cations ("hard" acids) that form more stable complexes with ligands whose donor atoms are the most electronegative nonmetals nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine; metals later in the table form a transition to class-B cations ("soft" acids) that form more stable complexes with ligands whose donor atoms are the less electronegative heavier elements of groups 15 through 17. [58], Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table. A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms. [50] The anomalously high electronegativity of lead, particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth, is an artifact of electronegativity varying with oxidation state: its electronegativity conforms better to trends if it is quoted for the +2 state instead of the +4 state. Eine weitere, nicht nach Atommassen geordnete Tabelle enthielt 22 Elemente, die Meyer nicht in seinem Schema untergebracht hatte – sie entsprechen den heutigen Übergangsmetallen. [210] More recently, physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not exactly follow the Madelung rule, which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table. [137] The relationship of the f-block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see. Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table. : Symbol Vi, veraltet rumän. [130], In 1945, Glenn Seaborg, an American scientist, made the suggestion that the actinide elements, like the lanthanides, were filling an f sub-level. Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly, regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f-block or the d-block, as the only potentially applicable p-block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of [Rn]5f146d107s27p1. In all of these it is element 172, rather than element 168, that emerges as the next noble gas after oganesson, although these must be regarded as speculative as no complete calculations have been done beyond element 123. It has been suggested that Mendeleev, in doing so, was paying homage to ancient Sanskrit grammarians, in particular Pāṇini, who devised a periodic alphabet for the language. For examples of the group 3 = Ln and An table see Housecroft C. E. & Sharpe A. G. (2008). The definition of a transition metal, as given by IUPAC in the Gold Book, is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. This arrangement is consistent with the hypothesis that arguments in favour of either Sc-Y-La-Ac or Sc-Y-Lu-Lr based on chemical and physical data are inconclusive. For example, the f-electron counts for the first five f-block elements are La 0, Ce 1, Pr 3, Nd 4 and Pm 5. Das Element 104 wird 1989 noch in Literatur des Ostblocks als Kurtschatowium (Kurcatovium), Symbol Ku, aber auch Rutherfordium, Symbol Rf, benannt. Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. At the same time, Hinrichs wrote that simple lines could be drawn on a periodic table in order to delimit properties of interest, such as elements having metallic lustre (in contrast to those not having such lustre). Placing elements into categories and subcategories based just on shared properties is imperfect. Die maximalen und die minimalen Werte für die Dichte, den Schmelzpunkt, den Siedepunkt und die Anzahl stabiler Isotope sind farblich hervorgehoben.. Liste. [208], Currently, the periodic table has seven complete rows, with all spaces filled in with discovered elements. [31] Beryllium, for example, is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post-transition metal. The normalized ionization potentials and electron affinities show better trends with helium in group 2 than in group 18; helium is expected to be slightly more reactive than neon (which breaks the general trend of reactivity in the noble gases, where the heavier ones are more reactive); predicted helium compounds often lack neon analogues even theoretically, but sometimes have beryllium analogues; and helium over beryllium better follows the trend of first-row anomalies in the table (s >> p > d > f). Die Elementsymbole sind nach Elementkategorien farblich markiert: Die maximalen und die minimalen Werte für die Dichte, den Schmelzpunkt, den Siedepunkt und die Anzahl stabiler Isotope sind farblich hervorgehoben. [77][206] The current experimental evidence still leaves open the question of whether copernicium and flerovium behave more like metals or noble gases. See: van Spronsen, J. W. (1969). The table here shows a widely used layout. Many other names for sets of elements are in common use, and yet others have been used throughout history. [78], From left to right across the four blocks of the long- or 32-column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements, located approximately between each block. Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table, although in the f-block, and to some respect in the d-block, the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties, as well. This list contains the 118 elements … veraltet: Symbol Cy, veraltet: Symbol Fl, veraltet: Symbol Il, Promethium, veraltet Cyclonium (Cy), veraltet russ. A new row (period) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron. [26] Charles Janet, in 1928, appears to have been the first to refer to the periodic table's blocks. [2], Nur bei einem Druck von mehr als 2,5 MPa und einer Temperatur von weniger als 1,5 K, siehe auch, Etymologische Liste der chemischen Elemente, Liste der Häufigkeiten chemischer Elemente, Liste der Namen der Chemischen Elemente in verschiedenen Sprachen, https://www.internetchemie.info/chemie-lexikon/a/antiwasserstoff.php, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liste_der_chemischen_Elemente&oldid=205875091, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“, Wasserstoff gibt es auch als H-4, H-5, H-6, H-7. … 6 Replies: constituent metal - reines Metall, unlegiertes Metall (chemisches Element im Periodensystem der Elemente) Thus, the most metallic elements (such as caesium) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements (such as neon) at the top right. [90] The volatile group 12 metals, zinc, cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block. Scientists need not, "lose sleep over the hard cases as long as a classification system is beneficial to economy of description, to structuring knowledge and to our understanding, and hard cases constitute a small minority."[31]. Überprüfen Sie die Übersetzungen von 'chemisches Element' ins Nepalesisch. They, or most of them, attract various category names of their own such as biogen,[37] CHONPS,[38] intermediate,[39] light,[40] or other nonmetals.[41]. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. : Glucinium (Gl), Kohlenstoff, Carbon, lat./engl. An individual category is not necessarily exclusive according to its name, boundary, or shared properties. [124], The popular[125] periodic table layout, also known as the common or standard form (as shown at various other points in this article), is attributable to Horace Groves Deming. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. For examples of the group 3 = Sc-Y-Lu-Lr table see Rayner-Canham G. & Overton T. (2013). They can also form Zintl phases (typically brittle, colored and semiconducting intermetallic compounds). [58], There is additionally an internal "double periodicity" that splits the shells in half; this arises because the first half of the electrons going into a particular type of subshell fill unoccupied orbitals, but the second half have to fill already occupied orbitals, following Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity. However, the only specific recommendation IUPAC has made concerning the periodic table covers the Group numbering of 1–18.". [54] The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals) as well as hydrogen and helium. Open an Excel file and save the file in .xlsm format (macro format). The early actinides show a pattern of oxidation states somewhat similar to those of their period 6 and 7 transition metal congeners; the later actinides are more similar to the lanthanides, though the last ones (excluding lawrencium) have an increasingly important +2 oxidation state that becomes the most stable state for nobelium. Elements are assigned to blocks by what orbitals their valence electrons or vacancies lie in. The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered. [192][n 15], Chemically, scandium, yttrium and lutetium (and presumably lawrencium) behave like trivalent versions of the group 1–2 metals. [120], In 1871, Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form, with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows, and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element's oxidation state. [49] There are exceptions to these trends: for example, in group 11, electronegativity increases farther down the group. Gib die Anzahl der Neutronen und der Elektronen der Atome dieses Elements an. This is in particular the reason why sodium has a first ionisation energy of 495.8 kJ/mol that is only slightly smaller than that of lithium, 520.2 kJ/mol, and why lithium acts as less electronegative than sodium in simple σ-bonded alkali metal compounds; sodium suffers an incomplete shielding effect from the preceding 2p elements, but lithium essentially does not. Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d-block contraction. : Astatium?, veraltet: Eka-Iod, veraltet (USA 1931): Alabamium (Ab), veraltet engl: Symbol Nt, Radon, veraltet engl. Die deutschen Schreibweisen sind nicht extra markiert, die englischsprachigen mit engl., französisch mit frz., russisch mit russ., lateinisch mit lat., griechisch mit gr. [202] The 2007 report of mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4), a compound in which mercury would use its d electrons for bonding, has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal. While Lr is thought to have a p rather than d electron in its ground-state electron configuration, and would therefore be expected to be a volatile metal capable of forming a +1 cation in solution like thallium, no evidence of either of these properties has been able to be obtained despite experimental attempts to do so. [28], Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties, when going left to right in the rows. November 2020 um 07:20 Uhr bearbeitet. Responsibility: G.H. Among the transition metals, the noble metals (generally Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au) correspond to the noble gases,[35] although concern has been raised about the inclusion of silver due to its greater chemical reactivity compared to the other seven noble metals.[36]. Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869, developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then-known elements. Veraltet: Lanthanide. Though the group 3 elements show few of the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals, the same is true of the heavy members of groups 4 and 5, which also are mostly restricted to the group oxidation state in their chemistry. : Celtium (veraltetes Symbol? A popular visualization of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, a convenient tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, … As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute, he published anyway. [181] In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter. More recent examples include Courtines' Periodic Classification (1925),[148] Wringley's Lamina System (1949),[149] This is an effect of the lanthanide contraction: a similar actinide contraction also exists. Specialized groupings such as refractory metals and noble metals, are examples of subsets of transition metals, also known[29] and occasionally denoted.[30]. : Roentgenium, veraltet: Unununium (Uuu), veraltet: Eka-Gold, veraltet: Symbol Uub, Copernicium, veraltet: Ununbium (Uub), veraltet: Eka-Quecksilber, veraltet: Symbol Uut, Nihonium, veraltet: Ununtrium (Uut), veraltet: Eka-Thallium, veraltet: Symbol Uuq, Flerovium, veraltet: Ununquadium (Uuq), veraltet: Eka-Blei, veraltet: Symbol Uup, Moscovium, veraltet: Ununpentium (Uup), veraltet: Eka-Bismut, veraltet: Symbol Uuh, Livermorium, veraltet: Ununhexium (Uuh), veraltet: Eka-Polonium, veraltet: Symbol Uus, Tenness, veraltet: Ununseptium (Uus), veraltet: Eka-Astat, veraltet: Symbol Uuo, Oganesson, veraltet: Ununoctium (Uuo), veraltet: Eka-Radon. From the top, each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a species of atoms which all have the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e., the same atomic number, or Z ). The column on the far right also lists the Entdecker (discoverer) and the year (Jahr) of discovery. The columns, called groups, contain elements with similar chemical behaviours. [96] This became known as the Law of Triads. Dieser Abschnitt behandelt abweichende Schreibweisen der Elementnamen, (teilweise veraltete) fremdsprachige Benennungen und Symbole sowie zeitweise vorhandene Mehrfachnamen und -symbole.

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